This blog is focusing on QoS on the PIX/ASA and is based on 7.2 code to be consistent with the CCIE Security Lab Exam as of the date of this post. I will create a later blog regarding new features to 8.X code for all of you non-exam biased readers :-)

NOTE: We have already seen thanks to our readers that some of these features are very model/license dependent! For example, we have yet to find an ASA that allows traffic shaping. 

One of the first things that you discover about QoS for PIX/ASA when you check the documentation is that none of the QoS tools that these devices support are available when you are in multiple context mode. This jumped out at me as a bit strange and I just had to see for myself. Here I went to a PIX device, switched to multiple mode, and then searched for the priority-queue global configuration mode command. Notice that, sure enough, the command was not available in the CUSTA context, or the system context.

pixfirewall# configure terminal

pixfirewall(config)# mode multiple

WARNING: This command will change the behavior of the device

WARNING: This command will initiate a Reboot

Proceed with change mode? [confirm]

Convert the system configuration? [confirm]

pixfirewall> enable

pixfirewall# show mode

Security context mode: multiple

pixfirewall# configure terminal        

pixfirewall(config)# context CUSTA

Creating context 'CUSTA'... Done. (2)

pixfirewall(config-ctx)# context CUSTA

pixfirewall(config-ctx)# config-url flash:/custa.cfg

pixfirewall(config-ctx)# allocate-interface e2 
 pixfirewall(config-ctx)# changeto context CUSTA

pixfirewall/CUSTA(config)# pri?     

configure mode commands/options:

   privilege

pixfirewall/CUSTA# changeto context system

pixfirewall# conf t

pixfirewall(config)# pr?

configure mode commands/options:

   privilege  

OK, so we have no QoS capabilities when in multiple context mode. :-| What QoS capabilities do we possess on the PIX/ASA when we are behaving in single context mode? Here they are:

• Policing – you will be able to set a “speed limit” for traffic on the PIX/ASA. The policer will discard any packets trying to exceed this rate. I always like to think of the Soup Guy on Seinfeld with this one - "NO BANDWIDTH FOR YOU!" 
• Shaping – again, this tool allows you to set a speed limit, but it is “kinder and gentler”. This tool will attempt to buffer traffic and send it later should the traffic exceed the shaped rate.
• Priority Queuing – for traffic (like VoIP that rely hates delays and variable delays (jitter), the PIX/ASA does support priority queuing of that traffic. The documentation refers to this as a Low Latency Queuing (LLQ).

Now before we get too excited about these options for tools, we must understand that we are going to face some pretty big limitations with their usage compared to shaping, policing, and LLQ on a Cisco router. We will detail these limitations in future blogs on the specific tools, but here is an example. We might get very excited when we see LLQ in relation to the PIX/ASA, but it is certainly not the LLQ that we are accustomed to on a router. On a router, LLQ is really Class-Based Weighted Fair Queuing (CBWFQ) with the addition of strict Priority Queuing (PQ). On the PIX/ASA, we are just not going to have that type of granular control over many traffic forms. In fact, with the standard priority queuing approach on the PIX/ASA, there is a single LLQ for your priority traffic and all other traffic falls into a best effort queue.

If you have been around QoS for a while, you are going to be very excited about how we set these mechanisms up on the security appliance. We are going to use the Modular Quality of Service Command Line Interface (MQC) approach! The MQC was invented for CBWFQ on the routers, but now we are seeing it everywhere. In fact, on the security appliance it is termed the Modular Policy Framework. This is because it not only handles QoS configurations, but also traffic inspections (including deep packet inspections), and can be used to configure the Intrusion Prevention and Content Management Security Service Modules. Boy, the ole’ MQC sure has come a long way.

While you might be frustrated with some of the limitations in the individual tools, at least there are a couple of combinations that can feature the tools working together. Specificaly, you can:

• Use standard priority queueing (for example for voice) and then police for all of the other traffic.
• You can also use traffic shaping for all traffic in conjunction with hierarchical priority queuing for a subset of traffic. Again, in later blogs we will educate you more fully on each tool.

Thanks for reading and I hope you are looking forward to future blog entries on QoS with the ASA/PIX.